Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your September 15 shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the September 15 offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of September 15 at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a September 15? Wrong! If the September 15 is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about September 15 then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling September 15? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about September 15 and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your September 15 wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your September 15 then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the September 15 site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about September 15, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your September 15, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

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Events

• 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse, Italy.
• 921 - Saint Ludmila is murdered at the command of her daughter-in-law at Tetin.
• 1556 - Vlissingen ex-emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor returns to Spain.
• 1584 - San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid is finished.
• 1616 - The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.
• 1656 - England and France sign a peace treaty.
• 1683 - Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by 13 immigrant families.
• 1762 - Battle of Signal Hill
• 1776 - American Revolutionary War: Kingdom of Great Britain land at Landing at Kip's Bay during the New York Campaign.
• 1789 - The United States Department of State is established (formerly known as Department of Foreign Affairs).
• 1812 - The France army under Napoleon I of France reaches the Kremlin in Moscow.
• 1820 - Constitutionalist revolution in Lisbon, Portugal; (see History of Portugal#Crises of the Nineteenth Century.
• 1821 - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua jointly declare independence from Spain.
• 1830 - The Liverpool and Manchester Railway railway line opens (see also deaths, below).
• 1831 - The locomotive John Bull (locomotive) operates for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.
• 1835 - The HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin aboard, reaches the Galápagos Islands.
• 1851 - Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• 1862 - American Civil War: Confederate States of America forces capture Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.
• 1873 - Franco-Prussian War: The last Germany troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity.
• 1883 - The Bombay Natural History Society is founded in Bombay (now Mumbai), India.
• 1894 - Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): Japan defeats China in the Battle of Pyongyang.
• 1914 - World War I: The First Battle of the Aisne begins between Germany and France.
• 1916 - World War I: Tanks are used for the first time in battle, at the Battle of the Somme (1916).
• 1928 - Sir Alexander Fleming notices a bacterium-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.
• 1928 - Tich Freeman becomes the only bowler to take 300 wickets in an England cricket season.
• 1931 - In Scotland, the two-day Invergordon Mutiny against Royal Navy pay cuts begins.
• 1935 - Nuremberg Laws deprive History of the Jews in Germany of citizenship.
• 1935 - Nazi Germany adopts a new Flag of Germany with the swastika.
• 1940 - World War II: The climax of the Battle of Britain, when the Royal Air Force shoot down large numbers of Luftwaffe.
• 1941 - The Attorney General of the United States rules that the Neutrality Act is not violated when U.S. ships carry war materiel to United Kingdom territories, opening the door for the Lend-Lease Act.
• 1942 - World War II: The U.S. aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CV-7) is torpedoed at Guadalcanal.
• 1944 - Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet in Quebec as part of the Second Quebec Conference to discuss strategy.
• 1945 - A hurricane in southern Florida and the Bahamas destroys 366 planes and 25 blimps at NAS Richmond.
• 1946 - The Brooklyn Dodgers are beating the Chicago Cubs, 2-0, in the 5th inning when a swarm of gnats causes the game to be postponed.
• 1947 - The United States Air Force is separated from the United States Army to become a separate branch.
• 1947 - RCA releases the 12AX7 vacuum tube.
• 1948 - The F-86 Sabre sets the world aircraft speed record at 1080 km/h.
• 1950 - Korean War: United States forces land at Incheon, Korea.
• 1952 - United Nations gives Eritrea to Ethiopia.
• 1955 - Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita is published in Paris by Olympia Press.
• 1957 - West Germany holds its third parliamentary election. Konrad Adenauer remains chancellor.
• 1958 - A Central Railroad of New Jersey commuter train runs through an open drawbridge at the Newark Bay, killing 58.
• 1959 - Nikita Khrushchev becomes the first Soviet Union leader to visit the United States.
• 1961 - Hurricane Carla strikes Texas with winds of 175 miles per hour.
• 1962 - The Soviet ship Poltava heads toward Cuba, one of the events that sets into motion the Cuban Missile Crisis.
• 1963 - The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing kills four children at an African-American church in Birmingham, Alabama, United States.
• 1966 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin, writes a letter to the Congress of the United States urging the enactment of gun control legislation.
• 1968 - The Soviet Zond 5 spaceship is launched, becoming the first spacecraft to fly around the Moon and re-enter the Earth's atmosphere.
• 1972 - A magnitude 4.5 earthquake shakes Northern Illinois.
• 1972 - An Scandinavian Airlines System domestic flight from Gothenburg to Stockholm was hijacked and flown to Malmö-Bulltofta Airport.
• 1974 - Air Vietnam flight 727 is hijacked, then crashes while attempting to land with 75 on board.
• 1975 - The France Départements of France of Corse (the entire island of Corsica) is divided into two: Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.
• 1975 - Progressive Rock artists Pink Floyd release Wish You Were Here (album).
• 1978 - Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks for the WBA heavywight championship becoming the first man to win the heavyweight title three times.
• 1981 - The United States Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approves Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first female justice on the United States Supreme Court.
• 1981 - The John Bull (locomotive) becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operates it under its own power outside Washington, DC.
• 1981 - Vanuatu becomes a member of the United Nations.
• 1983 - Israeli premier Menachem Begin resigns.
• 1987 - U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze sign a treaty to establish centers to reduce the risk of nuclear war.
• 1989 - The Congress of the United States recognizes Terry A. Anderson's continued captivity in Beirut.
• 1990 - France announces it will send 4,000 troops to the Persian Gulf
• 1993 - Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II disbands parliament.
• 1998 - WorldCom and MCI Communications finish their landmark merger, forming MCI WorldCom which would later be renamed WorldCom and become the largest bankruptcy in United States history.
• 2004 - National Hockey League commissioner Gary Bettman announced 2004-05 NHL lockout of the NHL Players Association and cessation of operations by the NHL head office.
• 2007 - Over 3000 Taiwanese Americans and their supporters rallied in front of UN in New York City to demonstrate the dedication that UN should accept Taiwan. At the same time, over 300,000 Taiwanese people rally in Taiwan to make the same plea.

Births

• 973 - Al-Biruni, mathematician (d. 1048)
• 1254 - Marco Polo, Italian explorer (d. 1324)
• 1580 - Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer (d. 1659)
• 1613 - François de La Rochefoucauld (writer) , French writer (d. 1680)
• 1649 - Titus Oates, English minister and plotter (d. 1705)
• 1715 - Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, French artillery specialist (d. 1789)
• 1789 - James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist (d. 1851)
• 1828 - Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov, Russian chemist (d. 1886)
• 1830 - Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico (d. 1915)
• 1852 - Edward Bouchet, American physicist (d. 1918)
• 1857 - William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States (d. 1930)
• 1858 - Jenő Hubay, Hungarian violinist (d. 1937)
• 1860 - Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya, Indian engineer (d. 1962)
• 1863 - Horatio Parker, American composer (d. 1919)
• 1867 - Vladimir May-Mayevsky, Russian counter-revolutionary (d. 1920)
• 1876 - Bruno Walter, German conductor (d. 1962)
• 1876 - Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Indian novelist (d. 1938)
• 1877 - Jakob Ehrlich, Austrian politician and zionist (d. 1938)
• 1879 - Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1939)
• 1881 - Ettore Bugatti, Italian automobile engineer and designer (d. 1947)
• 1883 - Esteban Terradas i Illa, Spanish mathematician and engineer (d. 1950)
• 1887 - Carlos Dávila, former President of Chile (d. 1955)
• 1888 - Antonio Ascari, Italian racing driver (d. 1925)
• 1889 - Robert Benchley, American author (d. 1945)
• 1890 - Agatha Christie, English writer (d. 1976)
• 1890 - Frank Martin (composer), Swiss composer (d. 1974)
• 1892 - Silpa Bhirasri, Italian sculptor (d. 1962)
• 1894 - Jean Renoir, French film director (d. 1979)
• 1894 - Oskar Klein, Swedish physicist (d. 1977)
• 1895 - Magda Lupescu, consort of King Carol II of Romania (d. 1977)
• 1898 - J. Slauerhoff, Dutch poet and novelist (d. 1936)
• 1901 - Donald Bailey, British engineer (d. 1985)
• 1903 - Roy Acuff, American musician (d. 1992)
• 1904 - King Umberto II of Italy (d. 1983)
• 1906 - Jacques Becker, French screenwriter and director (d. 1960)
• 1907 - Gunnar Ekelöf, Swedish poet and writer (d. 1968)
• 1907 - Fay Wray, Canadian-born American actress (d. 2004)
• 1908 - Penny Singleton, American actress (d. 2003)
• 1909 - C.N.Annadurai, Former Chief Minnister of Tamilnadu
• 1911 - Karsten Solheim, Norwegian-born American golf entrepreneur (d. 2000)
• 1913 - John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General and Watergate scandal figure (d. 1988)
• 1914 - Creighton Abrams, American Army general (d. 1974)
• 1914 - Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (d. 1999)
• 1915 - Albert Whitlock, English motion picture matte artist (d. 1999)
• 1916 - Margaret Lockwood, English actress (d. 1990)
• 1918 - Nipsey Russell, American comedian (d. 2005)
• 1919 - Fausto Coppi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 1960)
• 1919 - Nelson Gidding, American screenwriter (d. 2004)
• 1921 - Norma MacMillan, Canadian actress (d. 2001)
• 1922 - Jackie Cooper, American actor and director
• 1922 - Bob Anderson (fencer), English sword-master
• 1923 - Anton Heiller, Austrian organist (d. 1979)
• 1924 - Bobby Short, American musician (d. 2005)
• 1926 - Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician
• 1926 - Shohei Imamura, Japanese film director (d. 2006)
• 1928 - Cannonball Adderley, American saxophonist and bandleader (d. 1975)
• 1929 - Eva Burrows, the 13th General of The Salvation Army
• 1929 - Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
• 1933 - Henry Darrow, American actor
• 1933 - Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor
• 1934 - Fred Nile, Australian politician
• 1937 - Robert Lucas, Jr., American economist, Nobel Prize in Economics
• 1937 - Fernando de la Rúa, 51st President of Argentina
• 1938 - Gaylord Perry, baseball player
• 1940 - Merlin Olsen, American football player and actor
• 1940 - Norman Spinrad, American science fiction author
• 1941 - Flórián Albert, Hungarian footballer
• 1941 - Signe Toly Anderson, American singer
• 1941 - Mirosław Hermaszewski, Polish cosmonaut
• 1941 - Yuri Norstein, Russian animator
• 1941 - Viktor Zubkov, Russian government official
• 1945 - Carmen Maura, Spanish actress
• 1945 - Jessye Norman, American opera singer
• 1945 - Ron Shelton, American film director
• 1946 - Tommy Lee Jones, American actor
• 1946 - Oliver Stone, American film director
• 1946 - Howard Waldrop, American science fiction author
• 1948 - Suzyn Waldman, American Sportscaster
• 1949 - Joe Barton, American politician
• 1951 - Pete Carroll, American football coach
• 1951 - Johan Neeskens, Dutch footballer
• 1954 - Hrant Dink, Turkish-Armenian newspaper editor (d. 2007)
• 1955 - Željka Antunović, Croatian politician
• 1955 - Theodore Long, American professional wrestling executive
• 1956 - Maggie Reilly, Scottish folk singer
• 1958 - Dr. Know (guitarist), American guitarist (Bad Brains)
• 1958 - Joel Quenneville, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1958 - Wendie Jo Sperber, American actress (d. 2005)
• 1960 - Kevin Allen (actor), Welsh actor
• 1961 - Terry Lamb, Australian rugby league footballer
• 1961 - Dan Marino, American football player
• 1964 - Robert Fico, Slovak Prime minister
• 1968 - Danny Nucci, American actor
• 1969 - Jim Curtiss, American writer
• 1971 - Nathan Astle, New Zealand cricketer
• 1971 - Josh Charles, American actor
• 1971 - Ben Wallers, English musician and songwriter (Country Teasers)
• 1972 - Jimmy Carr, English comedian
• 1972 - Kit Chan, Singaporean singer
• 1972 - Princess Letizia of Spain
• 1973 - Julie Cox, English actress
• 1975 - Jamie Stevens, German singer
• 1976 - Paul Thomson, Scottish drummer (Franz Ferdinand (band))
• 1976 - Matt Thornton, American baseball player
• 1977 - Angela Aki, Japanese singer-songwriter
• 1977 - Sophie Dahl, English model
• 1977 - Marisa Ramirez, American actress
• 1977 - Jason Terry, American basketball player
• 1978 - Eiður Guðjohnsen, Icelandic footballer
• 1979 - Dave Annable, American actor
• 1979 - Amy Davidson, American actress
• 1979 - Carlos Ruiz, Guatemalan soccer player
• 1979 - Patrick Marleau, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1980 - David Diehl, American football player
• 1980 - Jolin Tsai, Taiwanese pop singer
• 1980 - Mike Dunleavy, Jr., American basketball player
• 1984 - Prince Henry of Wales
• 1986 - Heidi Montag, American reality television star
• 1987 - Vova Galchenko, Russian juggler

Deaths

• 866 - Robert the Strong, Margrave of Neustria
• 1231 - Louis I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1173)
• 1352 - Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (b. 1273)
• 1500 - John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury
• 1596 - Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (b. 1535 or 1540)
• 1613 - Thomas Overbury, English writer (b. 1581)
• 1643 - Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (b. 1566)
• 1649 - John Floyd (Jesuit), English Jesuit preacher (b. 1572)
• 1700 - André Le Nôtre, French landscape architect (b. 1613)
• 1701 - Edmé Boursault, French writer (b. 1638)
• 1707 - George Stepney, English poet and diplomat (b. 1663)
• 1712 - Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, English politician
• 1750 - Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1690)
• 1794 - Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1725)
• 1803 - Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1719)
• 1830 - William Huskisson, first rail fatality (b. 1770)
• 1835 - Sarah Knox Taylor, wife of Jefferson Davis (b. 1814)
• 1842 - Pierre Baillot, French violinist and composer (b. 1771)
• 1859 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel, British engineer (b. 1806)
• 1864 - John Hanning Speke, British explorer (b. 1827)
• 1883 - Joseph Plateau, Belgian physicist (b. 1801)
• 1885 - Jumbo, P. T. Barnum's circus elephant (hit by a train)
• 1893 - Thomas Hawksley, English civil engineer (b. 1807)
• 1921 - Roman Ungern von Sternberg, Russian counter-revolutionary (b. 1886)
• 1926 - Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (b. 1846)
• 1930 - Milton Sills, American actor (b. 1882)
• 1945 - André Tardieu, Prime Minister of France (b. 1876)
• 1945 - Anton Webern, Austrian composer (b. 1883)
• 1965 - Steve Brown (bass player), American musician (b. 1890)
• 1972 - Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1887)
• 1973 - Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (b. 1882)
• 1973 - Victor Jara, Chilean musician (b. 1941)
• 1978 - Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft designer (b. 1898)
• 1978 - Robert Cliche, French Canadian politician and judge (b. 1921)
• 1980 - Bill Evans, American jazz pianist (b. 1929)
• 1985 - Cootie Williams, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1910)
• 1987 - Steven Tuomi, murder victim of Jeffery Dahmer (b. 1963)
• 1989 - Robert Penn Warren, American writer (b. 1905)
• 1991 - John Hoyt, American actor (b. 1904)
• 1993 - Ethan Allen (baseball), American baseball player (b. 1903)
• 1995 - Harry Calder, South African cricketer (b. 1901)
• 2000 - Vincent Canby, American movie critic (b. 1924)
• 2003 - Jack Brymer, English clarinetist (b. 1915)
• 2003 - Josef Hirsal, Czech novelist (b. 1920)
• 2004 - Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (The Ramones) (b. 1948)
• 2004 - Walter Stewart, Canadian journalist (b. 1931)
• 2005 - Sidney Luft, American film director (b. 1915)
• 2006 - Raymond Baxter, British television presenter (b. 1922)
• 2006 - Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist and writer (b. 1929)
• 2006 - Pablo Santos, Mexican actor (b. 1987)
• 2006 - Rob Levin, Freenode IRC Network Founder (b. 1955)
• 2007 - Colin McRae, Scottish rally driver (b. 1968)
• 2007 - Aldemaro Romero, Venezuelan musician (b. 1928)
• 2007 - Brett Somers, Canadian-born American actress and Match Game panelist (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

• In Slovakia - Holy day of the Seven sorrows of Virgin Mary.
• In Greek mythology, the second day of the Eleusinian Mysteries, when the priests of Demeter declared the public start of the rites.
• Roman Catholic calendar of saints - Feast day of Our Lady of Sorrows.
• Also see September 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics).
• The United Kingdom - the British commemorate the Battle of Britain on the day of the last massive Luftwaffe attack in 1940.
• Japan - Respect for the Aged Day before 2003; beginning in 2003, Respect for the Aged Day is held on the third Monday of September.
• Bulgaria - The first day of each school year.
• Thailand - Silpa Bhirasri.
• In India Engineer's Day celebrated on birthday of Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya.
• Slovenia - Public holidays in Slovenia
• In Singapore - Civil Defence Day

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

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Events

• 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse, Italy.
• 921 - Saint Ludmila is murdered at the command of her daughter-in-law at Tetin.
• 1556 - Vlissingen ex-emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor returns to Spain.
• 1584 - San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid is finished.
• 1616 - The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.
• 1656 - England and France sign a peace treaty.
• 1683 - Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by 13 immigrant families.
• 1762 - Battle of Signal Hill
• 1776 - American Revolutionary War: Kingdom of Great Britain land at Landing at Kip's Bay during the New York Campaign.
• 1789 - The United States Department of State is established (formerly known as Department of Foreign Affairs).
• 1812 - The France army under Napoleon I of France reaches the Kremlin in Moscow.
• 1820 - Constitutionalist revolution in Lisbon, Portugal; (see History of Portugal#Crises of the Nineteenth Century.
• 1821 - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua jointly declare independence from Spain.
• 1830 - The Liverpool and Manchester Railway railway line opens (see also deaths, below).
• 1831 - The locomotive John Bull (locomotive) operates for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.
• 1835 - The HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin aboard, reaches the Galápagos Islands.
• 1851 - Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• 1862 - American Civil War: Confederate States of America forces capture Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.
• 1873 - Franco-Prussian War: The last Germany troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity.
• 1883 - The Bombay Natural History Society is founded in Bombay (now Mumbai), India.
• 1894 - Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): Japan defeats China in the Battle of Pyongyang.
• 1914 - World War I: The First Battle of the Aisne begins between Germany and France.
• 1916 - World War I: Tanks are used for the first time in battle, at the Battle of the Somme (1916).
• 1928 - Sir Alexander Fleming notices a bacterium-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.
• 1928 - Tich Freeman becomes the only bowler to take 300 wickets in an England cricket season.
• 1931 - In Scotland, the two-day Invergordon Mutiny against Royal Navy pay cuts begins.
• 1935 - Nuremberg Laws deprive History of the Jews in Germany of citizenship.
• 1935 - Nazi Germany adopts a new Flag of Germany with the swastika.
• 1940 - World War II: The climax of the Battle of Britain, when the Royal Air Force shoot down large numbers of Luftwaffe.
• 1941 - The Attorney General of the United States rules that the Neutrality Act is not violated when U.S. ships carry war materiel to United Kingdom territories, opening the door for the Lend-Lease Act.
• 1942 - World War II: The U.S. aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CV-7) is torpedoed at Guadalcanal.
• 1944 - Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet in Quebec as part of the Second Quebec Conference to discuss strategy.
• 1945 - A hurricane in southern Florida and the Bahamas destroys 366 planes and 25 blimps at NAS Richmond.
• 1946 - The Brooklyn Dodgers are beating the Chicago Cubs, 2-0, in the 5th inning when a swarm of gnats causes the game to be postponed.
• 1947 - The United States Air Force is separated from the United States Army to become a separate branch.
• 1947 - RCA releases the 12AX7 vacuum tube.
• 1948 - The F-86 Sabre sets the world aircraft speed record at 1080 km/h.
• 1950 - Korean War: United States forces land at Incheon, Korea.
• 1952 - United Nations gives Eritrea to Ethiopia.
• 1955 - Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita is published in Paris by Olympia Press.
• 1957 - West Germany holds its third parliamentary election. Konrad Adenauer remains chancellor.
• 1958 - A Central Railroad of New Jersey commuter train runs through an open drawbridge at the Newark Bay, killing 58.
• 1959 - Nikita Khrushchev becomes the first Soviet Union leader to visit the United States.
• 1961 - Hurricane Carla strikes Texas with winds of 175 miles per hour.
• 1962 - The Soviet ship Poltava heads toward Cuba, one of the events that sets into motion the Cuban Missile Crisis.
• 1963 - The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing kills four children at an African-American church in Birmingham, Alabama, United States.
• 1966 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin, writes a letter to the Congress of the United States urging the enactment of gun control legislation.
• 1968 - The Soviet Zond 5 spaceship is launched, becoming the first spacecraft to fly around the Moon and re-enter the Earth's atmosphere.
• 1972 - A magnitude 4.5 earthquake shakes Northern Illinois.
• 1972 - An Scandinavian Airlines System domestic flight from Gothenburg to Stockholm was hijacked and flown to Malmö-Bulltofta Airport.
• 1974 - Air Vietnam flight 727 is hijacked, then crashes while attempting to land with 75 on board.
• 1975 - The France Départements of France of Corse (the entire island of Corsica) is divided into two: Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.
• 1975 - Progressive Rock artists Pink Floyd release Wish You Were Here (album).
• 1978 - Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks for the WBA heavywight championship becoming the first man to win the heavyweight title three times.
• 1981 - The United States Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approves Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first female justice on the United States Supreme Court.
• 1981 - The John Bull (locomotive) becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operates it under its own power outside Washington, DC.
• 1981 - Vanuatu becomes a member of the United Nations.
• 1983 - Israeli premier Menachem Begin resigns.
• 1987 - U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze sign a treaty to establish centers to reduce the risk of nuclear war.
• 1989 - The Congress of the United States recognizes Terry A. Anderson's continued captivity in Beirut.
• 1990 - France announces it will send 4,000 troops to the Persian Gulf
• 1993 - Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II disbands parliament.
• 1998 - WorldCom and MCI Communications finish their landmark merger, forming MCI WorldCom which would later be renamed WorldCom and become the largest bankruptcy in United States history.
• 2004 - National Hockey League commissioner Gary Bettman announced 2004-05 NHL lockout of the NHL Players Association and cessation of operations by the NHL head office.
• 2007 - Over 3000 Taiwanese Americans and their supporters rallied in front of UN in New York City to demonstrate the dedication that UN should accept Taiwan. At the same time, over 300,000 Taiwanese people rally in Taiwan to make the same plea.

Births

• 973 - Al-Biruni, mathematician (d. 1048)
• 1254 - Marco Polo, Italian explorer (d. 1324)
• 1580 - Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer (d. 1659)
• 1613 - François de La Rochefoucauld (writer) , French writer (d. 1680)
• 1649 - Titus Oates, English minister and plotter (d. 1705)
• 1715 - Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, French artillery specialist (d. 1789)
• 1789 - James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist (d. 1851)
• 1828 - Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov, Russian chemist (d. 1886)
• 1830 - Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico (d. 1915)
• 1852 - Edward Bouchet, American physicist (d. 1918)
• 1857 - William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States (d. 1930)
• 1858 - Jenő Hubay, Hungarian violinist (d. 1937)
• 1860 - Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya, Indian engineer (d. 1962)
• 1863 - Horatio Parker, American composer (d. 1919)
• 1867 - Vladimir May-Mayevsky, Russian counter-revolutionary (d. 1920)
• 1876 - Bruno Walter, German conductor (d. 1962)
• 1876 - Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Indian novelist (d. 1938)
• 1877 - Jakob Ehrlich, Austrian politician and zionist (d. 1938)
• 1879 - Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1939)
• 1881 - Ettore Bugatti, Italian automobile engineer and designer (d. 1947)
• 1883 - Esteban Terradas i Illa, Spanish mathematician and engineer (d. 1950)
• 1887 - Carlos Dávila, former President of Chile (d. 1955)
• 1888 - Antonio Ascari, Italian racing driver (d. 1925)
• 1889 - Robert Benchley, American author (d. 1945)
• 1890 - Agatha Christie, English writer (d. 1976)
• 1890 - Frank Martin (composer), Swiss composer (d. 1974)
• 1892 - Silpa Bhirasri, Italian sculptor (d. 1962)
• 1894 - Jean Renoir, French film director (d. 1979)
• 1894 - Oskar Klein, Swedish physicist (d. 1977)
• 1895 - Magda Lupescu, consort of King Carol II of Romania (d. 1977)
• 1898 - J. Slauerhoff, Dutch poet and novelist (d. 1936)
• 1901 - Donald Bailey, British engineer (d. 1985)
• 1903 - Roy Acuff, American musician (d. 1992)
• 1904 - King Umberto II of Italy (d. 1983)
• 1906 - Jacques Becker, French screenwriter and director (d. 1960)
• 1907 - Gunnar Ekelöf, Swedish poet and writer (d. 1968)
• 1907 - Fay Wray, Canadian-born American actress (d. 2004)
• 1908 - Penny Singleton, American actress (d. 2003)
• 1909 - C.N.Annadurai, Former Chief Minnister of Tamilnadu
• 1911 - Karsten Solheim, Norwegian-born American golf entrepreneur (d. 2000)
• 1913 - John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General and Watergate scandal figure (d. 1988)
• 1914 - Creighton Abrams, American Army general (d. 1974)
• 1914 - Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (d. 1999)
• 1915 - Albert Whitlock, English motion picture matte artist (d. 1999)
• 1916 - Margaret Lockwood, English actress (d. 1990)
• 1918 - Nipsey Russell, American comedian (d. 2005)
• 1919 - Fausto Coppi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 1960)
• 1919 - Nelson Gidding, American screenwriter (d. 2004)
• 1921 - Norma MacMillan, Canadian actress (d. 2001)
• 1922 - Jackie Cooper, American actor and director
• 1922 - Bob Anderson (fencer), English sword-master
• 1923 - Anton Heiller, Austrian organist (d. 1979)
• 1924 - Bobby Short, American musician (d. 2005)
• 1926 - Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician
• 1926 - Shohei Imamura, Japanese film director (d. 2006)
• 1928 - Cannonball Adderley, American saxophonist and bandleader (d. 1975)
• 1929 - Eva Burrows, the 13th General of The Salvation Army
• 1929 - Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
• 1933 - Henry Darrow, American actor
• 1933 - Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor
• 1934 - Fred Nile, Australian politician
• 1937 - Robert Lucas, Jr., American economist, Nobel Prize in Economics
• 1937 - Fernando de la Rúa, 51st President of Argentina
• 1938 - Gaylord Perry, baseball player
• 1940 - Merlin Olsen, American football player and actor
• 1940 - Norman Spinrad, American science fiction author
• 1941 - Flórián Albert, Hungarian footballer
• 1941 - Signe Toly Anderson, American singer
• 1941 - Mirosław Hermaszewski, Polish cosmonaut
• 1941 - Yuri Norstein, Russian animator
• 1941 - Viktor Zubkov, Russian government official
• 1945 - Carmen Maura, Spanish actress
• 1945 - Jessye Norman, American opera singer
• 1945 - Ron Shelton, American film director
• 1946 - Tommy Lee Jones, American actor
• 1946 - Oliver Stone, American film director
• 1946 - Howard Waldrop, American science fiction author
• 1948 - Suzyn Waldman, American Sportscaster
• 1949 - Joe Barton, American politician
• 1951 - Pete Carroll, American football coach
• 1951 - Johan Neeskens, Dutch footballer
• 1954 - Hrant Dink, Turkish-Armenian newspaper editor (d. 2007)
• 1955 - Željka Antunović, Croatian politician
• 1955 - Theodore Long, American professional wrestling executive
• 1956 - Maggie Reilly, Scottish folk singer
• 1958 - Dr. Know (guitarist), American guitarist (Bad Brains)
• 1958 - Joel Quenneville, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1958 - Wendie Jo Sperber, American actress (d. 2005)
• 1960 - Kevin Allen (actor), Welsh actor
• 1961 - Terry Lamb, Australian rugby league footballer
• 1961 - Dan Marino, American football player
• 1964 - Robert Fico, Slovak Prime minister
• 1968 - Danny Nucci, American actor
• 1969 - Jim Curtiss, American writer
• 1971 - Nathan Astle, New Zealand cricketer
• 1971 - Josh Charles, American actor
• 1971 - Ben Wallers, English musician and songwriter (Country Teasers)
• 1972 - Jimmy Carr, English comedian
• 1972 - Kit Chan, Singaporean singer
• 1972 - Princess Letizia of Spain
• 1973 - Julie Cox, English actress
• 1975 - Jamie Stevens, German singer
• 1976 - Paul Thomson, Scottish drummer (Franz Ferdinand (band))
• 1976 - Matt Thornton, American baseball player
• 1977 - Angela Aki, Japanese singer-songwriter
• 1977 - Sophie Dahl, English model
• 1977 - Marisa Ramirez, American actress
• 1977 - Jason Terry, American basketball player
• 1978 - Eiður Guðjohnsen, Icelandic footballer
• 1979 - Dave Annable, American actor
• 1979 - Amy Davidson, American actress
• 1979 - Carlos Ruiz, Guatemalan soccer player
• 1979 - Patrick Marleau, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1980 - David Diehl, American football player
• 1980 - Jolin Tsai, Taiwanese pop singer
• 1980 - Mike Dunleavy, Jr., American basketball player
• 1984 - Prince Henry of Wales
• 1986 - Heidi Montag, American reality television star
• 1987 - Vova Galchenko, Russian juggler

Deaths

• 866 - Robert the Strong, Margrave of Neustria
• 1231 - Louis I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1173)
• 1352 - Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (b. 1273)
• 1500 - John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury
• 1596 - Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (b. 1535 or 1540)
• 1613 - Thomas Overbury, English writer (b. 1581)
• 1643 - Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (b. 1566)
• 1649 - John Floyd (Jesuit), English Jesuit preacher (b. 1572)
• 1700 - André Le Nôtre, French landscape architect (b. 1613)
• 1701 - Edmé Boursault, French writer (b. 1638)
• 1707 - George Stepney, English poet and diplomat (b. 1663)
• 1712 - Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, English politician
• 1750 - Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1690)
• 1794 - Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1725)
• 1803 - Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1719)
• 1830 - William Huskisson, first rail fatality (b. 1770)
• 1835 - Sarah Knox Taylor, wife of Jefferson Davis (b. 1814)
• 1842 - Pierre Baillot, French violinist and composer (b. 1771)
• 1859 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel, British engineer (b. 1806)
• 1864 - John Hanning Speke, British explorer (b. 1827)
• 1883 - Joseph Plateau, Belgian physicist (b. 1801)
• 1885 - Jumbo, P. T. Barnum's circus elephant (hit by a train)
• 1893 - Thomas Hawksley, English civil engineer (b. 1807)
• 1921 - Roman Ungern von Sternberg, Russian counter-revolutionary (b. 1886)
• 1926 - Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (b. 1846)
• 1930 - Milton Sills, American actor (b. 1882)
• 1945 - André Tardieu, Prime Minister of France (b. 1876)
• 1945 - Anton Webern, Austrian composer (b. 1883)
• 1965 - Steve Brown (bass player), American musician (b. 1890)
• 1972 - Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1887)
• 1973 - Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (b. 1882)
• 1973 - Victor Jara, Chilean musician (b. 1941)
• 1978 - Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft designer (b. 1898)
• 1978 - Robert Cliche, French Canadian politician and judge (b. 1921)
• 1980 - Bill Evans, American jazz pianist (b. 1929)
• 1985 - Cootie Williams, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1910)
• 1987 - Steven Tuomi, murder victim of Jeffery Dahmer (b. 1963)
• 1989 - Robert Penn Warren, American writer (b. 1905)
• 1991 - John Hoyt, American actor (b. 1904)
• 1993 - Ethan Allen (baseball), American baseball player (b. 1903)
• 1995 - Harry Calder, South African cricketer (b. 1901)
• 2000 - Vincent Canby, American movie critic (b. 1924)
• 2003 - Jack Brymer, English clarinetist (b. 1915)
• 2003 - Josef Hirsal, Czech novelist (b. 1920)
• 2004 - Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (The Ramones) (b. 1948)
• 2004 - Walter Stewart, Canadian journalist (b. 1931)
• 2005 - Sidney Luft, American film director (b. 1915)
• 2006 - Raymond Baxter, British television presenter (b. 1922)
• 2006 - Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist and writer (b. 1929)
• 2006 - Pablo Santos, Mexican actor (b. 1987)
• 2006 - Rob Levin, Freenode IRC Network Founder (b. 1955)
• 2007 - Colin McRae, Scottish rally driver (b. 1968)
• 2007 - Aldemaro Romero, Venezuelan musician (b. 1928)
• 2007 - Brett Somers, Canadian-born American actress and Match Game panelist (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

• In Slovakia - Holy day of the Seven sorrows of Virgin Mary.
• In Greek mythology, the second day of the Eleusinian Mysteries, when the priests of Demeter declared the public start of the rites.
• Roman Catholic calendar of saints - Feast day of Our Lady of Sorrows.
• Also see September 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics).
• The United Kingdom - the British commemorate the Battle of Britain on the day of the last massive Luftwaffe attack in 1940.
• Japan - Respect for the Aged Day before 2003; beginning in 2003, Respect for the Aged Day is held on the third Monday of September.
• Bulgaria - The first day of each school year.
• Thailand - Silpa Bhirasri.
• In India Engineer's Day celebrated on birthday of Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya.
• Slovenia - Public holidays in Slovenia
• In Singapore - Civil Defence Day

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

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